1
50
21
-
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/6eea2cf7464f7800c5eeb55e9ba5a74b.jpg
d24b9199f02ec940d8e14018f43de63a
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/234cedf551be45d22f03c5726a293f42.jpg
ff9b07302a91832d4338674c638f3a96
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/158d09788244d9a9c45672651a156db7.jpg
5215793c14b32736ebd12238699d90ee
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/921c7f4ab4d3384473fa4c7153268b8b.jpg
36c00d75f83e86ce880d522ad2b49165
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Major Family Papers
Subject
The topic of the resource
Slavery--Kentucky.
Civil War, 1861-1865.
Kentucky yeoman.
Major family.
Description
An account of the resource
The Major Family was a prominent Frankfort, KY family in the mid-nineteenth century. The bulk of the material in this collection relates to Samuel Ire Monger Major II, mayor of Frankfort following the Civil War, a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives and owner of the Kentucky Yeoman. A number of documents also relate to his father, Samuel Ire Monger Major I, who was Clerk of the Penitentiary of Kentucky and noted civic leader in early Frankfort; his brother, Dr. Patrick Major, who was also his business partner and confidant whose correspondence reflects their close relationship; and his son, Patrick Upshaw Major, a well-known attorney and judge. There is correspondence that relates to family and business matters, personal documents that range from poetry to journals, business and financial papers that concern a wide range of endeavors, land and legal documentation such as deeds and land grants for holdings in Kentucky and Virginia as well as other states, and political material that relates to campaigns and political beliefs. <br /><br />Only a portion of this collection has been digitized. See the <a href="http://ekufindingaids.libraryhost.com/index.php?p=collections/findingaid&id=68&q=">Finding Aid</a> for a description of the entire collection.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1755-1942
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
documents, correspondence, ephemera
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2010A002
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Course to be Pursued Thro' Life
Description
An account of the resource
A document written mostly in an unknown code.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Major Family Papers
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1848
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
document
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2010a002-b01-f04-i00
AAD2020
-
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/cc1d4f192ba91aaa9eff5414105a955a.jpg
3147018d5d95263171a0e84a9004f78d
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Watts Family Papers
Subject
The topic of the resource
World War, 1914-1918.
World War, 1939-1945.
Agriculture--Kentucky.
Gardens.
Vassar College.
Wilderness Road.
Ranching.
Description
An account of the resource
The Watts family consisted of William Walker Watts (1836-1912), Mary Buford Parkes Watts (1838-1934) and their daughter Emma Parkes Watts (1887-1970). William was the son of Charles Sinclair Watts and Elizabeth Walker Watts. Mary was the daughter of John White Parkes and Elizabeth Buford Parkes. William built Elmwood after his marriage and their only daughter Emma was born there in 1887 and lived there her entire life. Emma attended Vassar College and took several trips to New York and Europe with her mother. She never married and lived at Elmwood with her parents until each of their subsequent deaths. Watts was a collector of antiques and was an avid reader. This collection consists of correspondence, photographs, ephemera, financial records and legal documents that were left in Elmwood at the time of Emma Watts' death. The collection spans three branches of the family (Parkes, Walker, and Watts) and covers nearly 150 years. The bulk of material is from 1878 and later and pertains to the Watts family; however, the Parkes family, particularly James B. Parkes, is well-represented within the collection. <br /><br />The Watts family owned thousands of acres of land the Brazos Basin area of Texas and in the Texas Panhandle. The land in the Brazos Basin was used as a plantation growing, while the Texas Panhandle land served as a cattle ranch called Z-L Ranch. The histories of both these properties are richly detailed through correspondence with lawyers and foreman and through the vast amount of legal documents that were kept; including lawsuits, tax receipts, and land surveys. <br /><br />The voluminous correspondence between William and Mary Watts and their daughter Emma while she attended Vassar and traveled reveals family dynamics in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Other correspondence from friends and family reveals social customs and culture of the time. Members of the Watts family were involved in the Madison Female Institute, the Richmond Cemetery, Liberty Hall in Frankfort, the Democratic Party, the National Society of Colonial Dames and the Daughters of the American Revolution and this collection includes documents relating to all those organization. A significant part of the collection concerns the Elmwood property, including gardens, farming, furniture, and renovations and repairs to the house.<br /><br />Only a portion of this collection has been digitized. See the <a href="http://ekufindingaids.libraryhost.com/index.php?p=collections/controlcard&id=269">Finding Aid</a> for a description of the entire collection.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Watts, Emma P.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1816-1970
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
text
image
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
collection
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2017A001
Physical Object
An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Baby Shoes
Description
An account of the resource
A pair of leather baby shoes. Likely those of Mary Buford Herndon (1885-1892) as they were kept by her mother, Emma Parkes Herndon (1854-1886).
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Watts Family Papers
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1886 ca
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
clothing
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
physical object
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2017a001-b66-f1-i2
AAD2020
-
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/3c4736af47966f8a2f7acd8811a1e89a.jpg
e793b480a2ea2f1aea818d621e66878e
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Dorris Museum Collection
Description
An account of the resource
This collection consists of manuscript materials that were collected by the Dorris Museum. This collection has a worldwide scope and includes materials such as stereocards, photographs, scrapbooks, maps, publications, records of local organizations and more. Topics covered include both World Wars, music, coal mining, Kentucky history and more. Dr. Dorris collected any materials that he found to be interesting without regard to subject.<br /><br />Only a portion of this collection has been digitized. See the <a href="http://ekufindingaids.libraryhost.com/index.php?p=collections/controlcard&id=540">Finding Aid</a> for a description of the entire collection.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
stereocard, photographs, tintypes, cabinet cards
publications, scrapbooks, correspondence
Language
A language of the resource
eng
fre
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
image
text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
0010-065
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
A Little Farmer Girl and a Splendid Pair of Herefords
Description
An account of the resource
Bull and cow on a stock farm in Kansas.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Underwood & Underwood Publishers
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1903
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
stereocard
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
0010-065-b01-f04-i09
AAD2020
cattle
livestock
-
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/88b6b5779225adecc47c56769e910182.jpg
faa8b0e2dc36be7642cd8b40ce683517
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/e43f45949b23a0080efb3a38ace41df3.jpg
6c2192544f4f95aa1dec8017c4ee1c0e
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Madison County, Kentucky Court Records
Description
An account of the resource
This collection consists of the original court documents that were transcribed into the volumes held in the Madison County Courthouse. Included were receipts and notes that documented local businesses and epidemics as well as materials on the county poor house and infirmary. In the early 1900s there are dozens of receipts asking the court for burial expenses for individuals who couldn't afford them. These are pre-death certificates and may be helpful for genealogists to find death information. Local elections are documented with petitions and documents relating to polling places. Jail records offer a look into the early judicial system. Moonshiners in the post-prohibition era are documented along with smallpox epidemics, small businesses, and local roads, making this collection especially important for early 20th century Madison County history.<br /><br />Only a portion of this collection has been digitized. See the <a href="http://ekufindingaids.libraryhost.com/index.php?p=collections/findingaid&id=9&q=">Finding Aid</a> for a description of the entire collection.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1791-1979
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
legal document
financial document
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2018A007
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Judg Shacklford [William Rodes Shackelford] from S.C. Carrier
Description
An account of the resource
Carrier talks about his family being quarantined for smallpox and asked the judge to send him money to help them out while they "are pend up & can't git out."
"May 17, 1913
Big Hill Ky
Judg Shacklford
Der ser
my famley is all got the small pox but me & i am likley to bee don eny time. we hav stud by yew & helpt yew all we cood & know i need help. i wont yew to send me fifty dollars to help us out at onest while we ar pend up & cant get out & cant do nuthen. pleas dont neglect. this is ever your friend.
S.C. Carrier"
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Madison County, Kentucky Court Records
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1913-05-17
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
correspondence
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2018a007-b64-f01-i17
2020KYSS
AAD2020
smallpox
-
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/50780a79e438511230f962d80be8624b.jpg
7d02a41e0e9447caafee019a1194d782
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/675d6385493d45f7613e2ee25c7b1b85.jpg
c616ac21ef87ab3aa80c549a07809c4b
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/2862b2deae246f2b1307cd1402243a47.jpg
c15c453459deac4404591c0e629d1609
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Shackelford Family Papers
Description
An account of the resource
The Shackelford Papers, through correspondence, diaries, photographs, newspaper clippings and other materials, document the public career and personal life of William Rodes Shackelford and his family. The correspondence series consists of letters Shackelford received from his classmates at Central University, Richmond, KY acquaintances, and business associates. Glimpses of Richmond educational, social and cultural life are found in the correspondence along with discussions on local, state and national political issues are covered, especially the watershed 1896 presidential election between William Jennings Bryan and William McKinley and the Spanish American War.<br /><br /><span>Shackelford kept a diary beginning when he was 18 and entering Central University and continuing until 1912 with a break from 1890 to 1907. The diary from his Central University time includes details about his student days. Also of interest are the ledgers of Dr. S.M. Letcher which indicate who he treated and what they were treated for. The Legal Documents series includes materials from a number of suits involving the Clay family and a case involving betting on an election.</span><br /><br />Only a portion of this collection has been digitized. See the <a href="http://ekufindingaids.libraryhost.com/index.php?p=collections/findingaid&id=149&q=">Finding Aid</a> for a description of the entire collection.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Location
Folder title or box and folder where image can be found.
b.18/f.1
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Shackelford Family Papers
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
1982A002-100-101
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
image
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1913-07-26
1913-10-26
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
photograph
Title
A name given to the resource
Susie Miller
Description
An account of the resource
Two photographs printed on postcard paper showing images of a little girl in rags and the same child three months later.
Language
A language of the resource
eng
AAD2020
-
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/65aaf224a080a11447f0cf5541267ea8.jpg
2e83fc5d54c3fec9a1883231995ebd10
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/3ddf22e03ad352efb081a71be5bd22f7.jpg
ef085b375b06f3ebdc9f3df5cf8750cd
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Caperton/Burnam Family Papers
Description
An account of the resource
The majority of the papers cover the years 1880-1940 and were primarily assembled by Katherine Caperton and her daughter Jamie Caperton Burnam. The records reflect Mrs. Caperton's interest in family genealogy and history. Most of the materials in the collection concern family matters. However, some legal and financial records of Col. Caperton have survived and add to our knowledge of Madison County history through the perspective of one of its most able lawyers. Through the business and charitable affairs of the family the researcher can also gain a view of United States and world history.<br /><br />Only a portion of this collection has been digitized. See the <a href="http://ekufindingaids.libraryhost.com/index.php?p=collections/controlcard&id=76">Finding Aid</a> for a description of the entire collection.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1843-1980
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
photographs
correspondence, financial records, documents
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
image
text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
1993A005
Physical Object
An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
American and British flags
Description
An account of the resource
These tiny flags were worn by the Capertons in England just after the start of World War I.
"Flags bought in London, Eng. August 1914 by Mrs. James W. Caperton and Miss Mary James Caperton, to be worn in the event that the Germans reached London. We did not know at that time what inhuman creatures they were and though a small flag of our country would protect us in every way."
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Caperton/Burnam Family Papers
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1914
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
note
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
physical object
text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
1993a005-b009-f015-i1
AAD2020
flags
World War I
-
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/ed959fb75f8e5b5a00656ee799cf6d78.pdf
7237be09d9996b4f2384b9dac478ca81
PDF Text
Text
Baby Farms in Chicago
I
AN INVESTIGATION
MADE FOR
The Juvenile Protective ·Association
BY
ARTHUR ALDEN GUILD
1917
~·
�,
.
�WAS IT WORTH WHILE?
O n e of m a ny ·sta rvin g babi es taken fr om Baby J:ia rm s by the J uveni le Protect ive Assoc iat ion dur in g th e Tn ves ti gat io n.
The same chil d, s ix m o n ths afte r the Juven il e Pro tect ive Assoc iation remove d it from th e Baby Farm. A goo d h o me was fou nd for t hi s baby by th e
I llin ois Catho li c Home F indin g Assoc iati o n .
��Baby Farms in Chicago
AN INVESTIGATION
MADE FOR
The Juvenile Protective Association
BY
ARTHUR ALDEN GUILD
1917
,
6
�. The Juvenile Protective Association is greatly indebted to the following organizations which have aided this investigation in every way.
It has been by the co-operation and advice of these and other organizations and individuals that the results obtained in this study have been
made possible:
Illinois Children's Home and Aid Society
Catholic Home Finding Association
Infant Welfar~ Society
Juvenile Court
Court of Domestic Relations
United Charities
Jewish Aid Society
Chicago Department of Health
Cook · County Bureau of Social Service
Cook County Hospital
Presbyterian Hospital
Provident Hospital
St. Luke's Hospital
Children's' Memorial Hospital
St. Bernard's Hospital
Chicago Lying-In Hospital
State Department of Public Welfare
�INTRODUCTION.
During the fall of 1916 wretched conditions ex1stmg in several
uncertified homes where children were boarded apart from their parents
were discovered through the regular case work of the Juvenile Protective
A ssociation. On investigation the Association found that there was
no way of permanently remedying conditions in such homes because
there was no adequate legislation governing the management of places
where children were boarded. There existed a city ordinance which
required that homes where more than three children under three years of
age were boarded apart from their parents for a period longer than
twenty-four hours should be licensed by the Health Department. A
home where three children under three years of age and any number
over three years of age were boarded was not required to have a license
and received no supervision. The only way at that time to remedy conditions in such homes was tq file petitions in the Juvenile Court and
have the children removed as dependents. There was nothing to prevent a · woman who operated a home closed in thi s manner from immediately taking other children to board. In fact, three homes were closed
in this way, and in each case the woman responsi,ble immediately took
new children to board under the same conditions as those from which
the children had been removed. The Juvenile Protective Association
then decided to make a thorough study of all baby farms, in the hope
that the information would afford data upon which legislation might be
secured that would require all homes where children were boarded apart
from their parents to be licensed and supervised by some branch of the
City or State Government.
METHOD OF SECURING INFO.RMATION.
A letter was written to every ·social service organization in the City
of Chicago requesting them to send to the Juvenile Protective Association the names of all uncertified homes for children known to them and
all information they had or could secure regarding such homes. One
hundred and thjrty-seven alleged homes were thus reported and later
were investigated by the Association. Of this number, nine were found
to be day nurseries, eight were unlicensed child placing agencies, thirtyseven were boarding no children at the time they were visited, thirteen
could not be located, and seventy-two were boarding from one to twenty
children each-totaling three hundred and thirty-seven children.
An officer of the Juvenile Protective Association visited each home
· several times. Information was obtained from the woman operating
the home and, where it was possible, one or both of the children's
parents, and their other relatives were visited. In many cases data was
also secured from the records of other social service agencies. The
families of 234 of the 337 children found in these homes were registered
with some social service agency clearing through the Central Registration Bureau.
The following table indicates the number of agencies registered on
each family of children boarded in , the baby farms investigated:
�THE JUVENILE PROT E CTIVE ASSOCIATION
6
On 109 cases one agency was registered.
On 52
On 38
On 18
On
7
On
6
On
3
On
1
On 103
cases two agencies were registered.
cases three agencies were registered.
cases four agencies were registered.
cases five agencies were registered.
cases seven agencies were registered.
cases six agencies were registered.
case eleven agencies were registered.
cases no agency was registered other than the Juvenile Protective
Association.
337
Many churches, societies, and organizations which do not use the
Registration Bureau also furnished information found to be valuable.
LOCATION OF UNCERTIFIED HOMES.
Uncertified homes were discovered in every section of Chicago.
The largest number were located in fairly prosperous neighborhoods in
cottages and small houses divided into first and second floor apartments.
Many, however, were situated in the best residential sections of the City
and a few were found in the poorer districts-in basements and rear
shacks.
THE CARETAKERS OF THE HOMES.
The women who operated the baiby farms with few exceptions were
uneducated. Six of them could neither read nor write and six others
had only a grade school education. Most of them had no more than is
supplied by the first four grades of the public schools. Only sixteen of
the seventy-two claimed to have had any experience which would fit
them for the care of children. Nine who made this claim said they were
practical nurses. When questioned by the visitor as to their qualifications and experience as practical nurses, most of them were vague.
Some of them had helped in maternity cases, while others at irregular
intervals had assisted doctors in some capacity. One of these had assisted a doctor in abortion cases and another had herself illegally taken
maternity cases. The other seven of the sixteen claiming to have had
experience fitting them for the care of children based their claim on
the fact that they had been nursemaids when they were young; one of
these had been a slave before the Civil War and another had acted as a
nurse maid in Holland.
Ages of .Women. The maj~rity of the women who operated the~e
farms claimed that they were too old to earn their
livings by any other method than by boarding children or by taking
adult roomers. Only six were below forty years of age; ten admitted
that they were over sixty years of age ;, most of them were about fifty
years of age.
Seven of the caretakers had immoral records. Three
Character of
were known to use intoxicating liquors. 'W hen the
Women.
visitor called on one of them she sat in front of a
stove chewing tobacco. During the interview she would at intervals
open the stove door and squirt a str_eam of tobacco juice into the fire.
.
�BABY FARMS IN CHICAGO
7
Personal Appear- In general, the caretakers of the homes were exance of Caretremely untidy in their personal appearance and
takers.
thirty-two were positively filthy.
Twenty-two were Roman Catholics, forty-eight Protestants, and two claimed no religion. Ninety-three
children in thirty-five homes had been sent by parents
of another religious faith than that of the caretakers.
Religion of
Women.
•
CONDITIONS FOUND IN THE HOMES .
All of the women who operated the homes attempted to do so in
addition to performing their regular household duties, which, in many
cases, would have been more than they could have properly performed.
Twenty-eight had from one to six children of their own and also had
one to eight boarders or roomers. Fifty-seven either had children of
their own or had adult boarders or roomers. Some of these had dependent members of their families to care for. Example:
One woman who operated a home on the south side of the city had
six small children of her own, two adult boarders, and was caring for
an elderly father and a crippled husband. She was boarding seven
small children (five of whom were sick). This woman had no one outside the family to assist her with the work. In fact, practically none
of the women had assistance outside their families. Sixteen women took
from one to ten children to board by the day, in addition to the children
they boarded by the week.
The sleeping accommodations in thirty-three of the
homes were so bad that they were a positive menace
to the health of the children. In all of these homes
two or more children occupied the same bed. In only five homes was a
bed provided for each child. In two homes a child suffering from a
venereal disease and a child suffering from rickets were discovered occupying the same bed. There may have been many other cases of children
suffering from infectious diseases occupying the same bed with aenemic
and undernourished children who had little or no resistance to disease,
but the Juvenile Protective Association had no way of discovering such
conditions unless the disease was obvious to a layman, in which case a
doctor was called. Both cases spoken of here were given medical
attention.
Sleeping
Conditions.
.
In another case the caretaker and a sickly baby occupied a bed at
night which was occupied during the day by two roomers who worked
at night.
In another home a woman who had earned her living as an attendant in a house of prostitution was found occupying the same bed with
three little girls. After the segregated district was closed she had taken
the children of several inmates to board. When the children were removed and placed in families all three of the little girls were discovered
to be habitual masturbators.
�8
THE JUVENILE PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATIO N
In another case eleven children and one woman slept in two small
rooms.
Sanitary Conditions in Homes.
Thirt)'.'-one of the homes were found ~o be filthy or
unsai:utary to the extent of end~ngenng t~e h~alth
of children. In three houses, owmg to leakmg pipes,
the water had been turned off for a long period.
Sixteen children were found in another house where the water
had been turned off for ten days. The stench from the toilet was
intolerable, and none of the children had been washed during this
time. Twelve of the smallest children were found huddled about the
only stove in the house during the coldest weather in the winter of
1916-1917. Many of the children were barefooted and all were ragged
and dirty. These children were taken in an ambulance to the Juvenile
Detention Home and to the Chicago Foundlings Home, although later
it was found necessary to remove two of them to hospitals.
Some Examples Some of the worst moral ~ondition~ _were found in
of Conditions
the ~omes whe:e th~ phfsic~l condition~ were best
Found in Homes and m good residential distncts of the city. In one
· of the best neighborhoods of the south side, a home
was found which was an unlicensed maternity hospital, a disorderly
house, and a baby farm combined. It is not at all difficult to see the
connection between these enterprises. The woman who operated
this home made a specialty of taking in unfortunate girls for maternity
cases, she then made inmates of them and charged them for the board
of their children; or she would dispose of a child for a sum of $25.00
or more. A warrant was taken out for this woman, she was tried and
convicted.
I
In another home, in a good neighborhood on the north side, seven
children were boarded. Five of these seven were found to be suffering from neglect and lack of proper nourishment. One child, eight
months old, was terribly emaciated, had ugly sores on its head, and
had been suffering from a fractured arm for more than a week without medical attention. This child was removed to the hospital. Another child, taken from this same home to the hospital, was said by the
physician who examined it there to be the most emaciated child he had
ever seen. It may be interesting to note that this child completely recovered and has been adopted into an excellent home. Three other
children in this home were terribly undernourished and their bodies were
covered with eruptions.
·
Another home where eight children were boarded was filthy and
unsanitary. The visitor called at 10 :30 a. m. and found two of the
older boys in a basement room, eating canned beans for breakfast.
The other six children were still in bed, in a room on the second floor.
Three children occupied one bed, two occupied another bed, and one
child was lying in a broken baby carriage. The bedding was wet and
foul beyond description; the floor was littered with rags, scraps of
paper, whiskey bottles and dirt that had apparently been accumulating
for weeks. The room was heated by an ill-smelling oil stove. The
.
�BABY FARMS IN CHICAGO
9
air was heavy with the combined odors from the foul bedding and
smoking stove. At one-thirty in the afternoon of the same day, the
visitor returned to the home. The caretaker was dressing the six
small children, none of whom had had anything to eat up to that time.
Six of the eight children were physically defective; four of them had
rickets; one had a skin disease; and one, a subnormal boy, nine years
of age, who had never attended school was almost blind. This boy
was sent to the hospital, where an operation was performed on his
eyes. All these children w ere taken into the Juvenile Court as dependents.
,,,
Caretakers'
Family.
In many homes a member of the caretaker's family
was a prostitute or a drunkard, or was suffering
from tuberculosis or from a venereal disease.
In one home where the husband of the caretaker was syphilitic,
several of the children had been infected.
In another home a son of the caretaker is now serving a term
in the Pontiac Reformatory for his immoral conduct with a little girl
boarded in the house.
In one home a sister of the caretaker had epilepsy, and in another
the daughter of the caretaker was so afflicted. Both assisted in caring
for the children and were sometimes left in sole charge.
In another home the caretaker, seventy years of age, went to work
and left the children during the day with her sister, seventy-five years
of age, who was suffering from a cancer and was addicted to the
morphine habit. In this home the visitor found one of the babies
apparently dying. She immediately located the mother and removed
the baby to the hospital where it died the following day with every
symptom of starvation. The sister of the caretaker fought the removal of the child, claiming that it was not sick and that the Juvenile
Protective Association had no right to interfere with her sister's
business. Five other children were removed from this home.
Lack of Medical No?-e ~f the unsuper:'ised homes had a medical exSupervision.
ammat10n of the chtldrer: on. entrar:ce. Only 01;1-e
made any pretense of medical mspect10n of the children at any time while they were in the homes. There was nothing
done to prevent children with infectious or contagious diseases being
taken to board and placed with the other children in the home .
•
Records.
There were only three homes which kept permanent
records. In most of the homes the names and addresses of the parents were kept on scraps of paper in every conceivable place about the house. Many of the caretakers did not even
know the addresses of the parents of the children. In such cases, if
the children became ill, the caretaker did not know how to reach the
parents. In several instances children died before the parent or parents knew that they were ill.
�10
THE JUVENILE PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION
LENGTH OF TIME WOMEN OPERATING HOMES HAD
BEEN IN BUSINESS.
It was commonly believed that baby farms were of mushroom
growth; that they sprang up in the night and continu ed in business
only a few months. The following table will disprov e that belief.
Only thirteen of th e women who operated the homes investigated h ad
been in busines s for a period less than three ye ars :
Less than 1 year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
From 1 to 2 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
From 2 to 3 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
From 3 to 4 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
From 4 to 5 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
From 5 to 6 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... .. .. ........ .. 5
From 6 to 7 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
From 7 to 8 years.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
From 8 to 9 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
From 9 to 10 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .. .. . . . . . . .. .. .. 3
Longer than 10 years.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Information not obtained
........ .. ........ .. ..... .... 4
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .. ....... ... . . . . . 72
•
�BABY FARMS IN CHICAGO
11
THE CHILDREN IN THE UNCERTIFIED HOMES.
A ll of the 337 children boarded in the l).omes investigated came
from families in which conditions were abnormal. One hundred and
eight of this number were either admitted by their mothers to b e
ill egitimate, or their illegitimacy was established through hospital
or court records of cases in which the mother had prosecuted the
father . In addition to th e 108 illegitimate chil dren , five were born
out of wedlock and three were concei ved out of wedlock.
Ill egitimate children .... . ... . ... . .. . . . . . . . ... . ... ...... . 108
Children bo rn out of we dl ock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
3
Child r en co nceived out of w edlock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leg itimate children . .. . . . . ... . .. .. . .. .. . .... . .. ... .. . .. 221
T o tal
Reasons for Children Being in
Homes
·
th e death, illness,
. . . ... ... ... . . .. .. ... ... . .. . .. . ... . . .. .. . . .. .. 337
O ne h~ndre~ and ten children, or about one-third of
the.children m baby farm s were bo~rd~d out ~ecause
their parents were separated. Thi s did not mclude
parents who w ere not living together because of
insanity or imprisonment of one or both.
N inety-thre e of the children were boarded out because th eir unmarried moth ers w ished to hide their exist ence.
F ifty-nine children were boarded out because one or both parents w ere dead.
Economic reason s were gi ve n for the boarding out of fifte en of
the children. Parents of these children were living toge ther, but
claimed that it was necess ary for both of them to work.
Th ere were six children placed in the homes by persons who gave
.fictitious addresses and w ere n ever h eard from again. This would
seem to indicate that the children w ere left for the purpose of abandonm ent. Five of these ch ildren were illegitimate.
There were four children whose parents, although married and
living togther, frankly said, "We don't want the children around."
.
· Four illegitima te children w ere placed in . the baby farms for the
purpose of having them given away or sold. One of these children
was sold for $100.00 and taken out of the state. Another w as offered
to an investigator for $18.00.
·
Eleven children were boarded out because of the temporary or
perman ent illness of their mothers.
Twenty-one others were boarded out because one or both of their
parents were in hospitals, asylums or prisons.
The guardianship of four children had been taken from their
parents by the Juvenile Court because of the parents' unfitness to
care for them. These children had been given to other persons who
had placed them in baby farms.
�THE JUVENILE PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION
12
No. of
Illegitimate
Children
Children who were boarded because parents were separated .... .. 110
Children placed in homes because mothers wanted to hide their
existence ...... . .............. .. ........ .. .... . .... .. ...... 93
Children boarded because mothers were ill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Child placed in home because mother was a drunkard. . . . . . . . . . 1
Children boarded because mothers were insane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Children boarded because both parents were employed .. .. . . . ... . 15
Children boarded because mothers were dead .. .. ............... 34
Children boarded because fathers were dead .. .. ...... .. ..... . .. 20
Child boarded because father dead, mother remarried. . . . . . . . . . 1
Child boarded because parents separated temporarily . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Children boarded to hide the fact that they were born out of
wedlock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Children boarded because parents were dead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Children boarded because fathers in prison. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Child boarded because both parents in prison. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Child boarded because father in prison, mother insane .. . . . . . . . . 1
Children boarded because of unfit parents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Children boarded because mother taking drink cure.. . . . . . . . . . . 2
Children boarded because father gambler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Children boarded because not wanted by parents.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Children boarded for purpose of abandonment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Children boarded for purpose of having them given away. . . . . 4
Children boarded for unknown reasons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Total ...... .... ... ...... ... .... . . .. . . ..... ... .... ..... 337
93
2
1
3
.
5
4
108
The Juvenile Protective Association had no way of
Mental and
Physical Condi- making medical examinations of the children in the
homes, therefore, it is probable that only a relatively
tions of the
small
number of the children who were mentally or
Children.
physically defective were discovered. The only
children about whom it was possible to secure information as to their
physical and mental conditions were the children whose defects were
so apparent as to be evident to a layman; for example, children who
were paralyzed, or crippled, or children who had pronounced rickets,
or children who were so ill that they required dispensary or hospital
treatment. Other children were found to be defective by visitors from
the Infant Welfare Association and the Visiting Nurses Association.
It is not improbable that there were many more who were mentally or
physically defective, who are not recorded in the accompanying table.
Physical Conditions of the Children.
No. of
Illegitimate
Children
Children
Children
Children
Children
Children
suffering
suffering
.s uffering
suffering
suffering
from
from
from
from
from
extreme undernourishment ..... ..... ..
physical defects ..... . ...... . ... . ......
rickets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
venereal disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
25
22
18
4
15
13
10
3
1
Total ..... ........... ....... . .. ...... .... .... ............. *102
42
*This number Includes 6 children who were both m e ntally and physically
defective.
�BABY FARMS IN CHICAGO
13
Mental Conditions of the Children.
No. of
Illegitimate
Children
Children who were known to be subnormal only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
3
Total number of children who were known to be mentally
or physically defective ....... . . ..... . . .. ......... ...... 110
45
One hundred and seventy-four of the 333 children
whose ages were obtained were less than three years
of age; sixty-one were between three and five years
of age; and ninety-eight were above five years of age.
Ages of the
Children.
'I
Number
Number
Number
Number
Number
Number
Number
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
children
children
children
children
children
children
children
under 1 year of age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
between 1 and 2 years.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
between 2 and 3 years.... ... ....... . . . . ... . .... .. . .
between 3 and 4 years......... . ..... . . ..... . . . .. . . .
between 4 and 5 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
above 5 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
whose ages were not obtained . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total .................. ... .................1•••••• ••••• • • • • •••••••
Average a g e of children in home, 2 years and 4 months.
••
61
68
45
36
25
98
4
337
Length of Time 01!-e hundred and sixty, or nea:ly one-half of the 331
in Home
children whose length of stay m the homes was obtained, were in the homes less than six months and
.
118 longer than one year.
N umber
Number
Number
Number
of
of
of
of
Total
children
children
children
children
in
in
in
in
home
home
home
home
Jess than 6 months. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
between 6 months and 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
lon ge r than 1 year . .. ..... .. ............. . 118
time unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
.... .... ... ....... .. ..... . .. . .... . . .. . .. . ....... ... ........ .. . 337
By Whom Chil- Sixtee~ of the children were placed in these homes
dren Were Placed by social workers who. were _appar~ntly not a~are
in Baby Farms of the dangers of boardmg children m unsupervised
· homes. Of the three illegitimate children who were
placed by their fathers two were deserted, and of the three illegitimate
children placed by both parents two were deserted.
No. of
Illegitimate
Children
•
·Children
Children
Children
Children
Children
Children
Children
Children
placed
placed
placed
placed
placed
placed
placed
placed
by father .. ... ..... .. .......... . . .. . . . .. ..... . 82
by mother ...... .. .. ..... .. . ........ ... .. . .. . 196
by both parents . ....... . . .. .. ..... ...... . .. . . 17
by relatives ................................. . 20
by social workers . .... ... . . . .. .. . .. .. . ..... . 16
by police ............................. . .. . . . .
1
by friends of mother ..... .' ........... ... . . . . .
3
where information not obtained .. .. . .. .... .. . .
2
3
83
3
10
4
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
108
3
2
By Whom Board It is of interest to note that no board was paid for
39 children; that of this number 36 had been deWas Paid for
serted by their parents; that of the 39 children for
Children.
whom no board was paid, 26 were illegitimate and
that 23 of th e 36 who were deserted were ill egitimate.
�14
THE JUV EN ILE PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION
Board paid by fath er ... . ... . .. . .. . .... . ........ . .. . .. . ... . . . .
Board paid by moth er . .... . .. .. ........ . . . .... . . .. . .. . . .. . . . .
Board paid by both parents .. . .... . ... ... . . . . . .. ..... . ...... . .
Board pa id by other relatives . . ........ .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. .. .. . .. .
Board paid by fri ends ... . .. .. .. .... . .. . .. . . .... .... .. . .. . . . . .
Board paid by charitable organizations . . .... . . ....... . .. .... .
Board not paid . . . . .. .. ... . .. . .. . . ....... .. .. . . . ... ....... . . . .
(Of th ese childre n 36 were dese rted, and of th ese 23 we re
illegitimate.)
Informa ti on not obtaine d . . . . ,.... .... . ..... . . . . . .. . . . . ... . ..... .
N·o. of
Illegitima t e
Children
101
161
70
13
l
16
7
3
2
2
-39
26
2
2
Total . . . .. . .. ...... . . .. . ... ..... ... .. .. · · · · · · · · .. · · · · · · · · 337
108
The followin g table indicates who placed the children lat er ab andoned in the homes.
N o. o f
By
By
By
By
By
By
fath er .. ....... . ........ .. . .. . ... ... . ... .. ..... . ..... .... .
moth er . ..... ...... .. .... .. ... .. .. ... . . ... ..... .. .. . . . . . . .
both pa·r ents .... . .. . .... . .... . ... . ........ . .. . . . ..... .. . .
social workers . .. ... ... . . .... . . ... .. .. .... . . .... .. .. ... . . .
oth er r elatives . ... . ... .. ..... . ... . .. . . . ..... . .. . ... . . .. .. .
police* . . . .... . ... . ... ... .... . . . .. .. . ....... . . ...... . .... .
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Illegitima te
Children
6
2
22
16
2
2
3
1
2
2
l
36
23
Disposition of Deserted Children Found in Homes.
Catholic Home Fin ding Ass ociation, fo r adoption. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Re fe rr ed to Juv enil e Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Illinois Children's Home and Aid Society, for adoption .... ... . . . 4
Jewish A id Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Private Home found by Juv enile Protective Associatio n . . . . . . . .
1
Placed w ith g randm o ther by Juvenile Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Died . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Not r emoved from baby farm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
10
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
36
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
Weekly Amount Paid for Board of Children in Homes. rn ~ ?ii~ate
15
21
4
31
86
88
21
1
9
1
1
39
8
9
3
337
children- $1.00 to $1.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
children- 2.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
children- 2.25 . .. . . . . . .. .. . . ....... .. .. . . ... ..... . .. ... ... .. .
childre n- 2.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
children- 3.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
children- 3.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
children- 4.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
child
- 4.50 . .. .. .. . . . . . .... .. . ... . . .... . .. . . . . ... .... ... . .
children- 5.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
child
....:..... 7.00 . . . ... .. . . . ... .... . ........ . .... ... ..... . . . . . . .
child
- 8.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
children-b oard was not paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
children-amount unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
children-no defi nite a mount pa id . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
children-by w ork of m o ther . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Children
2
5
13
22
22
4
2
1
26
5
5
1
108
*The child whi ch was placed in a baby farm by the police had been abandoned
on a doorstep.
.
�BABY F ARMS IN CHICAGO
,
15
PARENTS OF CHILDREN.
Abnormal family conditions are clearly shown.
The parents of only thirty-two children of the 337 children found
in the homes were living together. The parents of three of these
thirty-two children were not married. The parents of fifteen of the
children who w ere living together occupied furnished rooms and both
of them worked. The pa rents of only nine of the entire number of
children were keeping hou se tog ether in a normal way.
In many of the cases tabulated there w as more than one reason
for the separation of the parents. A n endeavor has been made to
g ive the reasons which seem ed to be the deciding factor with the
parent or parents.
Parents w ho were t emporarily separated are not tabulated here
as separated, as, for instance; where a mother was ill and presumably
in the hospital for a short time.
Childr en w hose parents w ere m a r r ie d and liv ing to ge th e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Child re n w ho se pa r ents were marrie d and not living to ge th er for r easo ns
oth er th a n o ne pare nt was d ead, insan e, in pri son, or in the h os pital.. 115
Child ren wh os e parents w ere n ot m arri ed but w ho were livin g toge th er
3
illegall y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Children w h ose par en ts were no t m a r ried an d n o t living t ogeth er. . . . . . . . 105
Child re n w h er e one o r both parents w er e de a d, insan e, in prison, in
h ospita l ( perm a nen t ly) , etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Child ren w h ere infor m at ion a s to w h eth er pa rents we r e liv in g toge ther w as
no t ob tain ed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
T otal ............ . . . ..... . . . . . .. . .... .. ... . ....... . .. . . . . . . . .... . .. 337
Reasons Given for Parents Not Living Together When Married:
N um ber of children w h ere fathe r was d ead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
N umb e r of children w he r e m oth er w a s d ead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
N umb er of children w h ere both pa r ents d ead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
N um ber o f ch ildren wh er e mother in Tuberculosis Sanit a rium . . . . . . . . . .
4
8
N umber of chil dren wh ere mother insane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
N umb er o f chil d r en w h ere fa ther in prison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
N umb er of children w h ere b o th parents in prison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
N 'u mb er of children w h er e fa th er in prison, moth er insa ne .. . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Number of children w h er e fat her d ese rted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
N umber of children w h ere m oth er d es erted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
N umb er o f children w h ere separatio n caus ed by m o ther's immorality... .
8
Number of children wh ere se paratio n caus ed by immorality o f both parents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Number of child r en wh e re separatio n caused by n o n-s uppo rt . . . . . . . . . . . 18
N umber of children wh ere se pa ratio n caused by drunkenn ess o f fa ther .. 12
N umber of children where s eparatio n caused by immo ra lity and des ertion by m oth er . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
Number of children w here se paratio n caus ed by dru n kenn ess of fath er
and all ege d immora lity of mothe r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Number of children wher e separation caused by ven ereal d isease and
drunkenn ess of father . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
N umber of children where se paratio n cau sed by relig ious d iffer en ces o f
parents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
N umb e r o f ch ildren w h ere se paration ca used by immo rality of both pa rents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
N um be r o f ch ildren w h er e s epara ti on cause d by inco mpa tibility . . . . . . . .
6
N um be r of children w her e caus e of separa ti on not obtain ed . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
N umb er o f children w h ere par ents were for ced t o be m a rri ed · by Court
but never live d to g eth er . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Total . . .. . . .. .. ...... .. .. . . . .. . . .... . ..... . . . . ....... .. . ... ... . .. . . 195
�16
THE JUVENILE PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION
The nationality of both parents of 202 of the 229
legitimate children was obtained. Both parents of
forty-four children were American; of forty-five ,
both were colored; of thirteen, one parent was
American and the other parent foreign; and both
parents of one hundred children were of the same or mixed foreign
nationalities.
Nationality of
Parents of
Legitimate
Children.
Nationality of Mothers of Illegitimate Children:
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
mothers
mothers
mothers
mothers
mothers
mothers
mothers
mother
mother
mother
mother
mother
mothers
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
33
28
12
12
7
6
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
children were Colored Americans
children were White Americans
children were Irish
children were Polish
children were German
children were Swedish
children we re French
child was Bohemian
child was Hebrew
child was Norwegian
child was Italian
child was Canadian.
children- nationalities were not obtained
108 illegitimate children.
The religion of both parents of 193 of the 229 legitimate children was ascertained. The parents of
eighty children were both Protestants; the parents
of eighty-one were both Roman Catholics; the parents of one child were both Jewish; the parents of
one child were both Greek Catholics; and the parents of thirty children were of different religions.
Religion of
Parents of
Legitimate
Children.
The parents of 80 children were both Protestants. One or both of the parents
of 16 of these children were dead.
The parents of 81 children were both Catholics. One or both of the parent~
of 29 of these children were dead.
The parents of 1 child were both Jewish.
The parents of 9 children were-father Protestant, mother Catholic.
The parents of 13 children were-father Catholic, mother Protestant; one
parent of six of these children was dead.
The pa·rents of 4 children were-mother Catholic, father Jewish.
The parents of 1 child were-father Catholic, mother Jewish.
The parents of 2 children were-father Protestant, mother Jewish.
The parents of 1 child were both Greek Catholics; of this child one parent
was dead.
The parents of 1 child were-father Greek Catholic, mother Roman Catholic.
The parents of 2 children were-father unknown, mother Roman Catholic.
The parents of 11 children were-father unknown, mother Protestant; one
parent of two of these children dead.
The parents of 4 children were-father Roman Catholic, mother unknown; one
parent of one of these children dead.
·
The parents of 6 children we·re-father Protestant, mother unknown; one parent dead.
The parents of 13 children-religion of neither parent obtained.
Total, 229 children. One or both of the parents of 56 children were dead.
•
�I
l
BABY FARMS IN CH I CAGO
17
Religion of Mothers of Illegitimate Children .
.
The
T he
T he
T he
T he
mothers
mothers
m oth ers
moth e r
moth ers
of
of
of
of
.of
50*children were Protestants.
42 ch ildren were Roman Catho lics.
8 children h ad no religion.
1 child was J ewish .
7 children- religion not obtained.
108
Occupations of Fathers of L egitimate Children.
The
T he
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
T he
The
The
T he
The
The
The
The
The
The
fathers
fathers
fathers
fathers
fathers
fathers
fathers
fathers
fathers
fathers
fathers
fathers
fathers
fathers
fathers
fathers
fathers
fat h ers
fathers
of 19 children were laborers
of 12 children were porters
of 16 children were cl erks
of 10 children were machinists
of
8 children were janitors
of
7 children were teamsters
of
7 children wer e chauffeurs
of
6 children were in business for themselves
of
6 children were carpenters
of
5 children were salesmen
of
5 children were factory foremen
of
5 children were cooks
of
4 child,-en were elevator men
of
4 children were actors
of
3 children were tailors
3 children were printers
of
of
3 ch ildren were boiler makers
of
3 ch ildren were employed in stockyards
of 35 children were employed in wide range of miscellaneous
occupations which include sailors, policemen, bartenders, etc.
The fathers of 30 children-information not obtained or man unemployed.
The fathers of 12 children were prisoners.
Total . .. .. . 203
The fathe r s of
The fat h er of
25 children were dead
1 child in hospital
Total .. .. .. 229 legit imate children.
The fat h ers of 108 illegitimate chi ldren- occupation not stated
Total ..... . 337 ch ildren.
No syst emat ic effort was made to discover the wages received
by t he fathers of the ch ildren. T he wages of t he fathers of 53 children were obt ained, however; the average wage amounted to $ 16.50
per week.
*T he mothers of 33 of these children were col ored.
�18
THE JUVENILE PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION
Occupations of Mothers of Children.
No. of
Illegitimate
Children
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
mothers
mothers
mothers
mothers
mothers
mothers
mothers
mothers
mothe rs
mothers
mothers
mothers
mothers
mothers
mothers
mothers
mothers
of 56 children were dom estics . . .. . . . .. . . . ..... ... .
of 30 children were factory wo-rkers .... ... .. . . . . . .
of 23 children were waitresses . . . . ........ . ... . ... .
of 21 children were clerks ........ . ... . . . .. . . . . . .. .
of 21 children were day workers ..... . . . .. ... .. .. .
of 14 children were prostitutes .... . . . ... .. .. .... .. .
of *14 children were housewives . . . .. ·... .. .. . . . .. . . .
of
9 children were actresses . . .. .. . . . . ....... . .. . .
of
8 children were laundresses .. .. .. . ...... . .... . .
of 7 children were stockyard workers .... . . . . . . . . .
of
6 children were car cleaners .... . . . ....... . ... .
of
6 children were chambermaids . . .. . . .. ..... . .. . .
of
5 children were cooks . ... . . .... . . .. .. .... ... . .
of
4 child-ren were s tenograph ers . . . ... . . . ..... . . .
of
4 children were milliners . . . . . . . .. ... : ... .. .. . .
of
3 children were tailors .......... .. .. .. ..... . .. .
of 16 children were employed in wide range of miscellaneous
occupations
from
school teacher to cabaret checker ........................ . .. . .
The mothers of 36 children were either unemployed or information as to occupations was not
obtained ... . .. .... . .. .... . . . . . .
The mother of
1 child was a prisoner .. .. . .. . . . . ... . .. . ... . . . .
28
8
9
10
3
7
t2
1
4
3
3
2
2
2
9
10
Total .... . .. 284 leg itimate children
The mothers of
The mothers of
The moth ers of
5 children were in hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38 children were dead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10 children were insane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total .. .. .. . 337 children
1
3
I
108
N o systematic effort was made to discover the wages r eceived
by th e m others of the children. The wages of 72 moth ers were obtained, however. The average wage of the moth ers of legitimate
children was $9.84 ; of illegitimate children, $8.91. Board or meals of
domestics or waitresses is not taken into consideration in figuring
this average.
·
•se ve r a l of the s e moth ers are r em a rried .
t Thes e mothers a r e now marrie d, but not to the fa thers of their ch!ldren.
.
�19
BABY FARMS IN CHICAGO
FAMILY HISTORY.
Information regarding the physical and
Physical and
fects of the parents of the children was
Mental Condisecure, and was largely obtained through
tions of Parents. dispensary records. Doubtless, a very
centage was discovered.
Physical Conditions of the Parents.
mental dedifficult to
hospital or
small perNo. of
II~ifftJ~~te
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
mothers of *8 children were tubercular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
fathers of 8 children were suffering with a venereal disease .. .
mothers of 3 children were epileptic .............. . ......... .
mothers of 2 children were suffering with a venereal disease...
mothers of 2 children were physically defective . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
father
of 1 child was tubercular .. .. ... .... ... . ............ .
father
of 1 child was physically defective .. ..... . .... .... . . .
Total ..... . 25
One or both of the parents of 25 children were discovered to be
physically defective.
Mental Condition of Parents.
1
1
2
4
No. of
Illegitimate
Children
The mothers of 9 children were decidedly subnormal . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The mothers of tl2 children were insane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21 were known to be mentally defective.
6
1
7
One or both of the parents of 44 children were known to be
mentally or physically defective. A mother of 2 children was poth
mentally and physically defective.
A t'-S c'al
The anti-social facts tabulated were secured from
F:c~s l~out
court . records and the records of social service
Parents.
agencies. No doubt many more of the parents had
.
anti-social records, but it was impossible to secure information concerning them.
The fathers of illegitimate children are not included in this table.
If they were, the list of anti-social conditions would be much longer.
For example, in one case, the father of an illegitimate child was also
the father of the child's mother. He is now serving a term in the penitentiary on a rape charge. Another example is a case where the father
of another ,i llegitimate child was an habitual thief and drunkard; in
several cases the fathers of illegitimate children had prison records.
Mothers who had had only one illegitimate child are not tabulated
here as immoral.
The mothers of 41 children were immoral-24 children illegitimate.
The fathers of 22 children drunkards
The fathers of 8 children in penitentia·ry
The fathers of 5 children drunkards and mothers had immoral records.
The fathers of 3 children gamblers and drunkards
The fathers of 3 children in penitentiary; mothers had immoral records.
The parents of 2 children both immoral
The mothers of 2 children drunkards
The mothers of 2 children were drunkards and immoral
Both parents of 1 child in penitentiary
·
The fathers of 1 child had served a sentence in the House of Correction.
The father of_l child was an habitual gambler.
Total ..... 91
One or both parents of 91 children had anti-social records.
*Three of the mothers suffering from tuberculosis are now dead.
tThree of the insane mothers are now dead.
�20
THE JUVENILE PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION
One or both parents of 123 children were found to be either
mentally or physically defective, or both mentally and physically defective, or physically defective with anti-social records, or mentally
defective with anti-social records, or both physically defective and
mentally defective with anti-social records.
There were four children where one or the other of the parents
were physically defective and had anti-social records, one child whose
mother was physically defective and whose father had an anti-social
record, three children whose mothers were subnormal and had antisocial records, and two children whose mothers were physically defective, subnormal and immoral.
A Few Facts Taken From the Family Histories of Children in the
Homes.
L. J. boarded in the E . H. home, had a feebleminded brother and sister.
A. S. boa·rded in the H. B. hom e, had a feebleminded broth er and sister.
W. W. boarded in the P. home, had aunts who were prostitutes.
]. G. boarded in the J. R. home, family record showed a long story of drink,
begging, deception, and feeblemindedness.
· B. A . boarded in the J. home, had a mother and a grandmoth er who were
prostitutes.
R. T. board ed in the C. C. ·home, had mother and aunt prostitutes.
One or both parents of 91 children had anti-social records.
Mothers Who
Ten mothers of illegitimate children in the homes
Have Had More were found to have had two or more illegitimate
Than One Illechildren. The following table shows the disposigitimate Child.
tion of their children :
Cases · Where There Were Two Illegitimate Children of the Same
Mother.
One
One
One
One
Two
child with mother and one in baby farm ..... . . ....... . .. . ... .
child with fath er and one in baby farm ...... . .... . . . . .. .... .
child in baby farm and one dead ............... ... ....... . ... .
child in baby farm and one adopted ... ... ...... . . . ......... . . .
children in same baby farm . ... . ..... . .... .. ...... . .. . . . .. . .. .
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1
1
4
case
case
case
case
cases
8 cases
Cases Where There Were Three Illegitimate Children of the Same
Mother.
One child in baby farm and two adopted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
One child in baby farm ·a nd two dead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total
1 case
1 case
2 cases
10 cases
INTEREST SHOWN BY PARENTS.
The frequency with which parents visited a child; their conduct
when visiting; their attitude to the child when talking to the investigator, were taken into consideration as data determining the interest
shown by the parents. The distance a parent had to travel to see a
child and occupations and other obstacles tending to prevent visiting a
child were also considered in deciding whether or not a parent was
interested.
Example: One mother was an actress and traveled about the
country. She visited her children on the average of twice a year. This
•
�BABY FARMS IN CHICAGO
21
mother kept constantly in touch with the caretaker by wntmg at least
one letter a week and showed concern in regard to the condition of the
children's health, clothing, etc. The father of these two children, who
Jived in the city, was married to another woman. He never visited the
children, never inquired about their health, nor contributed to their support. In such .a case as. this, it is obvious that the mother was interested in the children, while the father was not.
Another example: One father deserted his family two years ago.
The mother of the children paid their board rather irregularly. On one
occasion when asked by the caretaker if she wished to see her children
she replied, "What do I want to see the d - - brats for; they only
cause me trouble." This woman disappeared soon after she had placed
her children in the baby farm. About one month later she "'as located
living with a man who was not her husband. In this case it is apparent
that neither parent was interested in the welfare of their children.
Another example: Both parents were living together within one
block of the baby farm where their child was boarded. They owned a
wholesale grocery business, had a comfortable home. and had five other
children, some of whom were old enough to care for this child. Reaardless of these conditions, the father rarely visited the child, while the
~other visited each week only to pay its board. She never took the
child home with her nor did she show any affection for it when she
visited. This case is tabulated as both parents casually in~erested.
Interest Shown By Parents of Legitimate Children.
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
The
parents
mothers
fathers
parents
parents
fathers
mothers
fathers
mothers
mothe·rs
mothe-rs
fathers
fathers
mothers
fathers
fathers
parents
parents
father
parents
of 40 children were both interested
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
57 children were interested; fathers not interested
30
2
14
2
2
24
18
8
2
4
6
4
6
2
1
4
1
2
children were interested; mothers not interested
children were both casually interested
children were neither interested
children were interested; mothers casually so
children were interested; fathers casually so
children were interested; mothers dead
children were interested; fathers - dead
children were interested; fathers in prison
children were casually interested; fathers in prison
children were interested; mothers in hospitals
children were not interested; mothers dead
children were casually interested; fathers dead
children were interested; mothers insane
children were not interested; mothers insane
child were in prison
children were dead
child was in prison; mother insane
children-information not obtained as to interest shown
Total ..... 229 legitimate children
Interest Shown By Mothers of Illegitimate Children.
The
The
The
The
The
The
mothers
mothers
mothers
mother
mothers
mothers
of
of
of
of
of
of
SO
42
9
1
3
3
children were interested
children were not interested
children were casually interested
child was insane
children were dead
children-information not obtained as to interest shown
Total ... . . 108 illegitimate children
•
�22
THE JUVENILE PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION
RESULTS.
Children
Removed.
•
One hundred and seventy-six children were removed
and seven children died from neglect before the Juvenile Protective Association was aible to arrange for
their removal.
The Association removed, or was instrumental in having removed,
only those children whose health was endangered by allowing them to
remain longer in the homes. The parents of all the children were urged
to place their children in homes supervised by home finding societies,
certified and licensed by the State Department of Public Welfare. The
danger of boarding their children in unsupervised homes was explained
to every parent or guardian. · Of course, there were many children removed by their parents or guardians after the ordinance referred to later
in this study was passed, which required all homes boarding more than
two children to be licensed.
In many cases when the parents were told by the vi'sitor that their
children were not being properly cared for and were asked to remove
their children, they resented the interference of the visitor, claiming
that they had the _right to place their children where they wished. In
some of these cases, after they were told that petitions would be filed in
the Juvenile Court for the removal of their children from the home, the
parents themselves took the children away and refused to tell where
they were.
In certain cases, the children were placed with the mothers, and
were taken care of in the following ways:
Homes were found where mothers could board with their children.
Several mothers whose husbands had deserted or were dead, returned with their children to the homes of their own mothers or parents.
In several cases, mothers of illegitimate children became reconciled
with their parents and returned with their children.
Other mothers went to live with relatives and took their children
with them.
The mother of two illegitimate children was allowed to take them
home with her on the condition that she marry the father of the children.
In four cases in which the children were placed with their fathers,
homes were found where the fathers could board with their children.
In several cases the children were placed with both parents and the
mothers were induced to give up their employment in order to take care
of their children at home. In one of these cases the parents were
induced to start housekeeping. The parents of eight children were persuaded to try living together again for the sake of their children. In
other cases arrangements were made with day nurseries to take care of
the children during the day so that they might be with their parents at
night.
Twenty-two of the children who were removed from these homes
were placed in hospitals, seven of whom died a few days later.
Of the number removed to hospitals, the examining doctors stated
that in their judgment eight would have died of starvation if they had
not been promptly cared for.
•
�23
BABY FARMS IN CHICAGO
The deaths that are tabulated in this study all occurred at the time
the Juvenile Protective Association was dealing with the specific case of
these children.
Children tabulated here as removed were removed at the time the
Juvenile Protective Association was investigating the particular home in
No. of
which those children were boarded.
Illegitimate
Children
Children removed ....... . .... . ..... . ... . ..... . ......... . . . . . . 176
Children died . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Children not removed .... . . . . .. ..................... . ........ . 154
Total children ........................................ . ... 337
Causes for Removal.
No. of
Illegitimate
Children
148*children were removed on account of unfit homes . .......... . .
7 children were removed by death . .......................... .
7 children were removed for the purpose of placing for adoption ....... . ....................... . ..... . ........... .
18 children were removed voluntarily by parents ... . . . ... . ..... .
1 child was sold by caretaker and mother, and was afterwards
placed under Juvenile Court, Gary, Indiana ......... .
2 children were removed to their homes for medical attention ..
183 children removed
Disposition
of Children Removed.
I
'
66
4
38
108
54
4
7
4
1
70
No. of
Illegitimate
Children
42 children were placed with mothers (5 under supervision of the
Juvenile Court) ........... . ..... . ................... .
17 children were placed in homes supervised by the Illinois
Children's Home and Aid Society ......... . .......... .
17 children were taken by parents where final placement is unknown ..... . ........ . ........................... . .... .
17 children turned over to the Juvenile Court for supervision ... .
16 children were placed with both parents ( one child under supei;vision of Juvenile Court) ............. . ............... .
16 children were placed with relatives (5 under supervision of the
Juvenile Court) ...... . ........... . ............. . .... .
14 children died .................................. .. ........... .
8 children were placed with Illinois Children's Home and Aid
Society for adoption ........ . ... . .... . ........... .. . .
7 children " ' ere placed with Catholic Home Finding Association
for adoption .. . .. .. ............ .. .............. . ..... .
7 children were placed with friends ...................... .. .. .
4 children were placed with fathers ............... . ......... . .
4 children placed in hospitals and were still there when survey
closed ...................... . ... . ............ . ... . ... .
3 children turned over to the Juvenile Court for adoption .. . .. .
2 children placed in St. Vincent Orphan Asylum . .. . .......... .
2 children placed with father who afterwards gave them for
adoption ..... . ..... . ....... . ............ . ........ .. . .
1 child was placed with Jewish Aid Society by the Juvenile Court
1 child placed in Amanda Smith Home ................. . ..... .
1 child placed in Sarah Hackett Stevenson M emorial Home .. . .
1 child placed in Louise Training School .. . ............ . .... . .
1 child placed in Chicago Foundlings' Home ...... . ... . .. . .... .
1 child placed in St. Margaret's Home ............. . ...... .. . .
1 child placed m Lincoln School for Feebleminded ....... . . . . .
183
18
4
1
4
9
7
6
5
2
2
2
63
*Twenty-two o! these c.hildren were removed to hospitals-seven of these died
-13 of the c.hildren~removed to hospitals were illeg itim a te.
�24
THE JUVENILE PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATIO K
As a result of conditions revealed by this study and
Ordinance Rethe
publicity given these conditions by the Chicago
quiring Homes
To Be Licensed. press, a city ordinance was passed requiring a license
for all homes where more than two children were
boarded apart from their parents. The ordinance also required that the
licensing and supervising of such homes be done under the City Department of Health. (A copy of this ordinance is found at the end of this
report.)
At.the time the ordinance went into effect the Juvenile Protective
Association sent to the Health Department the names and addresses of
the women operating the baby farms, with the information that had
been obtained. At the time this study was terminated, August 1, 1917,
the Health Department physician in charge of the enforcement of the new
Homes Ordinance stated that none of the homes investigated by the
Juvenile Protective Association had been able to comply with the ordinance; that notices had been served upon all caretakers who had not
already gone out of business that they would either have to comply with
the ordinance or go out of business. The Commissioner of Health has
assigned an infant welfare nurse to the Hospital Bureau for the purpose
of assisting in the supervision of homes where children are boarded.
This nurse is visiting all homes where children are boarded and is advising the caretaker in the care of children. She is reporting on all homes
where more than two children are boarded. Later, w:hen licenses are
granted, the visits of the nurse will be supplemented by regular inspections by a physician.
As a result of this baby farm investigation, it was ·
found that there was a regular commercialized business of child placing being carried on in the City of
Chicago; that there were many maternity hospitals
which made regular charges of from $15.00 and more for dispo sing of
unwelcome children; and that there were also doctors and other individuals who took advantage of the unmarried mother willing to pay any
amount of money to dispose of her child. One of the Juvenile Protective Association officers visiting several of these homes had with her
a pregnant woman for whom she wished to find a place. Some of the
people in charge of the places offered to dispose of the child for sums
ranging from $15.00 to $65.00 and stated that no questions would be
asked and that they did not wish to know the mother's name. In fact,
they told the investigator and the prospective mother that they would
prefer that she give a fictitious name and address. It was found that
these same people if they secured an unusually attractive child would
sell it for sums ranging from $15.00 to $100.00. One woman in charge
of a baby farm sold a baby for $100.00 during the time of the investigation. It was found that she had required $25.00 to be paid at once
and the remainder on the installment plan. Her trade slogan was, "It's
cheaper and easier to buy a baby for $100.00 than to have one of your
own." The Juvenile Protective Association afterwards found the child
in Gary, Ind., and placed it under the protection of the Juvenile Court
there. A doctor on the south side offered to sell a pretty baby to
Commercialized
Traffic in
· Children. ·
•
�BABY FARMS IN CHICAGO
25
an investigator for $100.00. Another woman on the north side of
the city offered to sell a child to an investigator for $18.00. Many
others offered to give children to the visitors, and said that no questions
would be asked. No name, address, or reference was required to secure
the custody of a child from these people.
Many children pla~ed in this manner were taken by people who
could not have secured children through certified child-placing
agencies because they were immoral, or wished to procure a child
for a fraudulent purpose. A sensational case which received much
publicity during the winter of 1916-1917 is a good illustration of a
child secured for a fraudulent purpose. The widow of a wealthy
man, in order to receive a large share of his estate, secured a child
and pretended that it was the posthumous child of her deceased
husband. Another .case found during · the investigation illustrates how
children secured from doctors, hospitals and individuals are used in dishonest schemes. A woman lived with a man who was not her husband.
The man was killed in a railroad accident. The woman came to Chicago, and secured a child from a west side maternity hospital for the purpose of proving that the child was his heir. At the time the child was
di,s covered, this woman was living with another man to whom she was
not married. The baby, in a neglected condition, was removed from this
woman's home to a hospital. The mother of the child was afterwards
found, who said that she had paid the hospital for disposing of the child.
As the mother herself was unable to care for the child, it was turned over
to the Catholic Home Finding Association. This society placed it in
a good home for adoption, after the family had been thoroughly
investigated.
People thus engaged in child placing justify their actions by asking the question, "What would the poor, unfortunate, unmarried mothers
do if it were not for such people as we to help them?" Nevertheless,
there is no need for commercialized child placing agencies. In the city
of Chicago there are several home-finding and child-placing agencies
certified .by the State Department of Public Welfare, which charge nothing
-for the services they render. If a mother wishes to dispose of her unwelcome child, she can go to one of these agencies. They will not only
help to place her child in a thoroughly investigated home, hut will assist
the mother in other ways if she needs help. The Catholic Home Finding
Association, the Illinois Children's Home and Aid Society, and the Jewish
Home Finding Society are three certified child-placing organizations
doing child placing in a scientific manner.
There is no law at the present time in the State of Illinois which
prohibits traffic in children or which requires registration of children
given <!-way or placed oµt to board. The laws of Illinois now permit
children to be adopted in two branches of the County Court, in two
branches of the Superior Court, and in one branch of the Circuit Court.
No thorough investigation is made by these courts of the people wishing
to adopt a child. If for some reason a ,judge in one court refuses to
permit a person to adopt a child, that person may apply to one of the
other courts, and failing there, he may apply to still another, and so on
through the several branches of the three courts.
�26
THE JUVENILE PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION
CONCLUSIONS AND . RECOMMENDATIONS.
It has been shown by this study that in seventy-two baby farms
investigated there were 337 children, all of whom came from a:bnormal
family conditions; that 108, or more than 30 per cent, were illegitimate
children; that eight others were born or conceived out of wedlock; that
the parents of a great many of the children were diseased or were criminals; that more than 29 per cent of the children were either mentally or
physically defective; that these children, who needed more than ordinary
attention, were cared for by women who were ignorant of the proper
methods of caring for children; that they were boarded in homes SO per
cent of which were unfit for habitation; that many of the children died
without medical attention because of the ignorance of the caretakers;
that some of them died of neglect and starvation; that only in five homes
were records of any description kept; that no medical examination was
made on entrance to prevent children who had infectious or contagious
diseases from being taken in and placed with other children, many of
whom had little resistance to disease; that there was no medical inspection made in any of the homes to discover whether any of the children
were developing contagious or infectious diseases which would endanger
the health of the other children in the homes; that in some homes children who had infectious diseases occupied the same beds with aenemic
children; that 20 per cent of the illegitimate children found in these
homes were abandoned by their mothers; that the mothers of 42 of the
108 illegitimate children were not interested in their welfare; that the
parents of many of the legitimate children were not at all interested in
their children; that there was a commercialized traffic in child placing
and home finding carried on in Chicago; that Illinois has no law which
requires a person who accepts the possession or permanent custody of a
child to become legally responsible for its care; that Illinois has no law
to prevent traffic in children; that children may be adopted in any one of
three courts, none of which make adequate investigations.
Children such as those found in baby farms need better care and
protection from the state than children surrounded by normal family
influences. It is needless to state that a child who is born of a diseased
and immoral mother and whose father is a criminal needs more protection and care than a child born of normal parents; or that the illegitimate
child of a mother who is subnormal and physically defective needs more
protection from the state than a child born of normal parents. These
children will need all the protection and care which the state can provide
in order to make them an asset instead of a liability to the state.
The city ordinance requiring baby farms in Chicago to
~ecommenda- be licensed is a step in the right direction, but this orditions.
nance provides only health protection for children in
Chicago. To further protect the children from evils revealed in this
report, the following recommendations are made:
Every child should be considered a dependent child one month
after its parent, parents or legal guardian have ceased to provide for
its care. As a matter of right, every child should be entitled to a
g uardian, who can be h eld legally responsible for its care.
.
�BABY FARMS IN CHICAGO
27
Every home where one child is boarded apart from its parents with
one not related to it should be required to register with the State Department of Public Welfare and be subject to the supervision of that Department. All homes where two or more children are boarded should be
required to be licensed by the State Department of Public Welfare and
be subject to the supervision of that Department.
It should be unlawful for any organization or individual to place,
or assist in placing, more than one child during one year in the permanent care of another without first obtaining a license for the business
of placing children from the State Department of Public Welfare. Organizations and individuals thus licensed should be subject to supervision by that Department.
A law should also be passed which would require the registration
of all children placed for board with persons not related to them by blood
or marriage, with the State Department of Public Welfare. ·
The State should make it unlawful for a mother or any other person
to give away the permanent custody of a child, or otherwise dispose of
their legal responsibility for the care of a child, without first obtaining
the consent of the Juvenile Court. The exclusive power to issue a decree
for adoption should be vested in the Juvenile Court. The court should
require a thorough investigation of the adopting family before permitting a child to be placed with such family for adoption. The adoption
should not become permanent until a satisfactory six months' probationary., period had elapsed. During the probationary period a visitor from
the State Department of Public Welfare should make inspections to
ascertain whether or not the child had been properly placed.
It is hoped that the foregoing recommendations will be enacted into
law by the next State Legislature. Traffic in children should be stopped.
The passage of the laws recommended here would, of course, entail
increased expense to the state. But money spent on such preventive
measures would mean an ultimate saving and a better citizenship.
�AN ORDINANCE
Requiring the licensing of homes, regulating the
establishment and maintenance thereof.
Be it ordained by the City C oitncil
of the City of Chicago:
SECTION 1.
That
The
Chicago
Code of 1911 be and the same is hereby
amended by repealing Article X and
Sections 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231,
12'32, 1233, 1234, and 1235 thereunder,
and substituting therefor the following
sections:
1227. Home Defined.) A home is
hereby defined to mean any institution, place or family used for the
reception or care for a longer period
than twenty-four hours of three or
· more infants or children apart from
their parents. A home is further
defined to mean any institution used
for the reception or care of persons
who are dependent or not capable
of properly caring for themselves,
homes for the aged or infirm, orphan
asylums, half-orphan asylums, refuges and shelters; also boan1ing
homes ;ca.Ting , for three or more
women with their children.
1228. License Required.) It shall
be unlawful for any person, firm, association or corporation, other than
the regularly constituted a uthorities
of the United States, or any association or institution for the care
of children which has been accredited, certified or licensed by the
State of Illinois pursuant to an Act
of the Legislature to regulate the
treatment and control of dependent,
neglected and delinquent children,
the County of Cook or the City of
Chicago, to open, conduct, manage
or maintain any home, as defined in
this Article, within the corporate
limits of the city without first obtaining a license therefor as hereinafter provided.
1229.
Application-Inquiry by
Commissioner.) Any person, firm ,
association or corporation desiring
such license shall apply in writing
to the commissioner of he alth and
shall truly state in said applicatio-n
the nam e and residence of the applicant, if an individual, or a ll the
memb ers of the firm, if a co- partnership, or the names and residences
of the principal oJficers if th e applicant is an associ ation or corporation; the location or proposed location of the home; the purpose for
which it is to be opened, conducted
or maintained; th e accommodations
for the inmates thereof; th e natur e
and kind of care, instruction or
benefits given or proposed to be
given therein, the name a nd address
of the officials or board of officials
conducting, managing or maintaining said home; the name of the
superintendent or person in charge
of said home, the nam e and address
of the chief physician, surgeon, or
attending physician or surgeon, or
board of physicians or surgeons attending therein.
If the building in which a home
is to Le opened, conducted or maintained is not already in use as a
licensed home and is one for which
plans have not been filed with and
approved by the commissioner of
health for use as a home, then it
shall be the duty of the applicant
for such license to file with th e commissioner of health plans setting
forth in delail the l ayout, construction, lighting, plumbing and ventilation of the building or buildings
in which such home i s to be opened,
c onduct ed or maint.ained.
It shall be the duty of the said
commissioner of health, upon presentation of such application, to
make or cause to be made strict inquiry into the facts set out in such
applications, a nd if upon such inquiry he shall find such home i s or
is intended to be so conducted as to
afford proper accommodations for
the care of the persons received or
proposed to be received therein, and
th a t the officials or board of officials or intended officials thereof
.
�gives or is under agreement thereafter to give such care, instruction
or benefits as does or will , render
him or them personally responsible
for the care, instruction or benefits
given or to be given to all inmates
therein, that the superintendent or
person in charge thereof is a person of good moral character and
has sufficient knowledge, experience
and ability properly to conduct such
home, and t.hat such home complies
or is intended to comply with all
rul es and requirements which shall
be in force concerning the management and control of such homes,
then the saidi commissioner of health
shall recommend to the mayor that
a license be issued, and upon payment of the license fee, hereinafter
provided, to the city collector, the
maoror shall issue or cause to be
issued a license attested ' by the city
clerk, authorizing such applicaut to
open, conduct, manage or maintain
for the current municipal year a
home at that place, in the manner,
and for the purpose in such application set forth.
1230. License Fee--EJCPiration of
License.) The license fee to be paid
annually to the City Collector for
such home license shall be $1.00.
Every such license shall expire on
the 31st day of December following
the date of issue.
1231. Accommodations for inmates
-Regulations as to Sanitation.)
In every such home each room oc. cupied or to be occupied by inmates
shall be of such dimensions as shall
give each inmate not less than four
hundred cubic feet of air space.
Every such room shall have at least
one window connecting with the external air for each four b eds. S aid
windows shall be of such dimensions
as shall secure to each inmate at
least 1500 cubic feet of fresh air
per hour by natural ventilation, or
in case such window shall not secure
said 1500 cubic feet of frnsh air
per hour by natural ventilation then
each room shall additionally be fitted
with such appliances for ventilation
as shall secure to each inmate in
said room a t least 1500 cubic feet of
fresh air per hour. Each bed shall
have at least 40 square feet of floor
space, and in every room or dormitory containing more than one bed
the beds shall be so arranged as to
l eave a passageway of not less th an
two feet horizontally on all sides
of each bed.
Each ward or wing · in said home
shall · have running water furnished
in one or more places, either in
said ward or convenient thereto so
that the same may be adequate and
convenient to occupants thereof.
The plumbing, water-closets, bathrooms and other sanitary appliances
and equipment shall be constructed
in accordance with the city ordinances relating thereto. The floor
of the cellar or basement in any
building used as a home shall be
properly cemented so as to be watertight.
/
The halls of each floor shall be
open to the external air with suitable windows and shall · have no
room or other obstruction at either
end th ereof, unless sufficient light
or ventilation is otherwise provided
for said hall, and the building as
a whole shall be provided with ade quate and proper fire escapes, stairways or inclines or exits.
All homes, including the culinary
department, dining rooms, laundry,
laboratory, morgue and post-mortem
rooms connected with the same shall
be equipped from May 15th to November 15th wit!, doors, screens and
other appliances necessary for the
exclusion of flies.
There shall be provided in each
home building a ~uitable room or
rooms, approved by the commissioner
of health, to be used for the isolation
of contagious, infectious, epidemic
or communicable diseases that may
b e found in ·the home, until irneh time
as the persons suffering from such
contagious diseases shall b e r emoved
in accordance with the rules and
regulations of the dep artment of
health. The room or rooms thus
provided for the isolation of contagious disease cases scall have
separate toilet facilities and a stationa.ry wa.sh stand with a supply of
running water.
There shall be provid ed, also, in
each such building a suitable room
or rooms approved by the commissioner of health for the proper care
of the dead pending their removal.
1232. Frontage Consents Required
-When.) It shall be unlawful for
any person, firm, association or corporation to build, construct, maint ain, conduct or manage a home in
any block in which two-thirds of
�the buildings fronting on both sides
of the street or streets on which the
proposed home may front are devoted exclusively to residence pur·
poses, unless the owners of a majority of the frontage in such block and
the owners of a majority of the
frontage on the opposite side or
sides of the street or streets on
which said building faces, consent
in writing to the building, construction or maintaining, managing or
conducting of any such home in such
block; provided, however, that no
new frontage consents shall be required if such home has heretofore
been licensed by the city of Chicago
as a; hospital, home or nursery at the
present location. Such written consents of the majority of said prop·
erty owneri,: shall be filed with the
commissioner of health before a permit shall be granted for the building
or constructing, or a license be issued
for the maintaining, conducting or
managing of any such home.
1233. Body of Inmate Dying in
Home--iRemovaJ. of.) No person
acting as superintendent or man·
ager, or who is otherwise in charge
or control of any home, nor any per·
son connected with any home in
any capacity whatsoever as nurse,
physician or attendent, shall order,
permit or allow the body of any
inmate or person who has been un·
der care in such home, and who
shall have died therein, to be re·
moved from such home to any un·
dertaking establishment at any time
within twenty-four hours after the
hour of death unless the removal
of such body has been authorized
in writing by some member of the
immediate family of such deceased
person, or by some other person
legally authorized to order or permit
such a removal; and no such body
shall be removed otherwise than in
accordance with the ordinances of
the city government concerning the
removal of dead bodies; provided
that no body shall be kept at any
home longer than thirty-six hours
a:fter death without permission from
the commissioner of health.
1234.
Complete Records to be
Kept.) Each and every home shall
keep a complete record of all in·
mates admitted to the institution,
which record shall show the name,
address, age, sex and social status,
an d th e date of admission and dischar ge or disposition of each in·
mate of such home. In the case of
infants or children the records shall
show the name and address of the
person or persons from whom r eceived so far as can be ascertained,
the names, address, nationality, religion and occupation of the parents
of such infant or child and the
reason for its being brought to such
home. In the case of the discharge
or disposition of any infant or child
or other dependent person from such
home· the record shall show the name
and address of the person or insti·
tution to whom such inmate was
given or delivered, and a statement
as to whether or not such person
was the parent or guardian or had
legally adopted said infant or child.
Such records shall be open at all
times to the commissioner of health
or his duly authorized representatives.
1235 Daily and Monthly Reports.)
It shall be the duty of every person,
firm, association or corporation con·
ducting, managing, maintaining or
operating any home within the city
to make a report to the commissioner
of health daily, by telephone and by
mail, of all such actively contagious
diseases as smallpox, chickenpox,
diphtheria, scarlet fever, mumps,
measles, German measles, impetigo
contagiosa, typhoid fever, tuberculosis, epidemic cerebro-spinal fever,
infantile paralysis, pneumonia and
other such diseases which may now
or at any future time be classified
by the commissioner of health as
an actively communicable disease.
Such daily reports shall contain the
names and residences of all persons suffering from any and all of
the above-mentioned diseases, to·
gether with such other information
as shall be of use in aiding the
department of health in stamping
out th e said diseases. It shall b e
the further duty of all such per·
sons, firms, associations or corporations as aforesaid to make a re port to the commissioner of health,
on or before the fifth day of each
calendar month, showing a complete
record of such home during the preceding month, including the names
and addresses of inmates dying dur·
ing the month, th e cause of each
such death, and such other information as may be necessary to an
intelligent supervision of the es·
tablishment.
All reports required
under this section shall be made in
.
�full upon blanks ,which shall be
furnish ed for that purpose by th e
commissioner of health and all
monthly reports sha ll be verified by
th e signature of the superintenden t
or offi cial in ch arge of such home.
1235a. Disposition of Infants and
Children to be Reported.) It shall
be the duty of any person, firm, association or corporation conducting,
maintaining, managing or operating
a home to make a r eport to th e
commissioner
of
h ealth
within
twenty-four (24) hours af t er th e
disposition, other than cleath or discharge in the custody of a parent,
of any infant or child born in or
admitted to su ch home; w hich report
shall give the nam e, age a nd sex of
the child thus clisposed of, the name
and address of the mother, if known,
and name and acldress of fath er, i f
known, the name a nd address of the
person or i nstitution to whom such
child ;was given or cleli vered, and a
statement as to wh ether or n ot such
person was the parent or guardian
or had legally adoptecl said infant
or child.
All reports required under this
section shall be rnade in full on
blanks furnished for that purpose
by th e commissioner of health and
shall be signed by th e chief physici an, snperin tend en t or O·f ficer in
charge of such home.
1235b. Inspection-Revocation of
License.) Every hom e conducted,
maintained or man aged by any person, firm , associ ation or corporation
sh all at a ll times be open to the inspection of th e commissioner of
health or his duly appoint ed assistant s or inspec tors; and the said
commissioner of health i s hereby
au thori zed and empowered to inspect
the same, or cause inspection thereof to be made whenever and as
often as he may d een proper; and
if, upon such inspection, he shall
:find any such home to be conduct ed ,
m anaged or maintained iu violation
of the t erms of th e application for
th e license under which such home
was open ed, condu cted, m a naged or
maintained, or in violation of any
of the provisi ons of this. article, or
any of the ordinances or r egul ations
of the city of Chicago, or statut es
of the State of Illinois, then and in
that event h e shall r ecommend to
the mayor the revocation of any
such li cense issu ed for the opening,
conclucting, managing or mai ntaining of such borne, a nd the mayor
shall revoke such license upon such
recommendation, or for any other
good and sufficient cause.
1235c. Penalty.)
Any person,
firm, association or corporation opening, conducting, managing or main·
taining a home as h erein defined,
within the city, without first liaving
obtained a li cen se therefor, as pro·
vided in this article, or after r evocation of such li cense und er the
authority conferred b y this article,
or in violation of any of the krm s
of this article, shall b e finecl not less
than t en doll ars nor more th an two
hundred dollars for each offense, and
a separate a nd distinct offense shall
b e considei·ecl as having been committed for each and every clay on
which any person, firm, association
or corpora tion shall b e guilty of
any such viola tion., failure or refusal to compl y with any of t he
provisions of this arti cl e; provided,
th a t in th e event of a conviction of
any su ch person, firm , association or
corpor ation for a v iolation of any
of the provisions of this article relating to the safety and accomm odations of inm a t es, it shall be the duty
of the commissioner of h ealth, and
he i s h ereby a uthorized and empowered to close such home conducted,
maintained or man aged by any su ch
pers on, firm, associ ation or corpora tion, convicted as afo r esaid, and to
caus e its v acation pending the repairs, alteration s or adcli tions necessary to make it safe and proper
for the occu pancy o'f its inm a te8,
and to mak e it comply with the
terms of this articl e.
SEC'l'ION 2.
This ordin ance shall
t ake effect and be in forc e from a nd
after its passage and clue p ublication.
��
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Kadlec, Anna Papers
Subject
The topic of the resource
Women social workers--United States.
Addams, Jane, 1860-1935.
Women social reformers--United States.
Description
An account of the resource
Anna Kadlec spent her career in social work. She worked closely with individuals like Jane Addams in the Chicago settlement house movement to improve social conditions for impoverished communities. Afterwards, she went on to study the employment of women in Chicago meat packing plants and to work as a teacher at Model. <br /><br />Only a portion of this collection has been digitized. See the <a href="http://ekufindingaids.libraryhost.com/?p=collections/findingaid&id=102&q=">Finding Aid</a> for a description of the entire collection.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1898-1988
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
photograph
correspondence, publications, documents
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
text
image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2005A005
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Source
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Kadlec, Anna Papers
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
text
Format
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pamphlet
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2005A005-b1-f15-i1
Title
A name given to the resource
Baby Farms in Chicago
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1917
Language
A language of the resource
eng
AAD2020
-
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/577f4a396c42ef506f02132009a42a32.jpg
5943b61442f1f58e41037fa4b2112964
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Hanger Family Papers
Description
An account of the resource
The Hanger Family papers came to Eastern Kentucky University from the Hanger family ancestral home, Arlington, when the University acquired the property in the late 1960s. The collection documents the Hanger family of Richmond, KY and their activities. The activities of Elizabeth Arnold Hanger Elliot are especially well documented through her scrapbooks. The correspondence in the collection touches on social customs and financial interests of an elite Central Kentucky Family. The family traveled widely and the children all attended boarding schools in the East and there are numerous records documenting this. Some material originallly acquired from Arlington were transferred to the Mason and Hanger Records as they were clearly business records. The family papers still include some scattered materials that are likely business records. The collection was divided into four series -- correspondence, financial, photograph albums and scrapbooks, and publications.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1881-1945
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
photograph
ephemera
publications
Language
A language of the resource
eng fre
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
image
text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
1988a001
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Miriam A. Bytel to Mrs. Harry B. Hanger
Description
An account of the resource
Letter from the principal at Cathedral School of St. Mary in Garden City, NY Where Elizabeth Hanger attended regarding a weekend visit and how much she wants to grow up.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Hanger Family Papers
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1919
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
correspondence
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
1988a001-b01-f13-i00
AAD2020
-
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Hanger Family Papers
Description
An account of the resource
The Hanger Family papers came to Eastern Kentucky University from the Hanger family ancestral home, Arlington, when the University acquired the property in the late 1960s. The collection documents the Hanger family of Richmond, KY and their activities. The activities of Elizabeth Arnold Hanger Elliot are especially well documented through her scrapbooks. The correspondence in the collection touches on social customs and financial interests of an elite Central Kentucky Family. The family traveled widely and the children all attended boarding schools in the East and there are numerous records documenting this. Some material originallly acquired from Arlington were transferred to the Mason and Hanger Records as they were clearly business records. The family papers still include some scattered materials that are likely business records. The collection was divided into four series -- correspondence, financial, photograph albums and scrapbooks, and publications.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1881-1945
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
photograph
ephemera
publications
Language
A language of the resource
eng fre
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
image
text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
1988a001
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Aquitania Log Book
Description
An account of the resource
A daily diary of a trip on the Aquitania from England to America. Is part of: Elizabeth Hanger Scrapbook.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Hanger Family Papers
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1922
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
ephemera
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
1988a001-b07-f01-i00
AAD2020
ships
travel
-
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/f07eca37072b678944208458b34a1b6f.jpg
d52c4b8221f0dcb8072240fb1f292f91
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Madison County, Kentucky Court Records
Description
An account of the resource
This collection consists of the original court documents that were transcribed into the volumes held in the Madison County Courthouse. Included were receipts and notes that documented local businesses and epidemics as well as materials on the county poor house and infirmary. In the early 1900s there are dozens of receipts asking the court for burial expenses for individuals who couldn't afford them. These are pre-death certificates and may be helpful for genealogists to find death information. Local elections are documented with petitions and documents relating to polling places. Jail records offer a look into the early judicial system. Moonshiners in the post-prohibition era are documented along with smallpox epidemics, small businesses, and local roads, making this collection especially important for early 20th century Madison County history.<br /><br />Only a portion of this collection has been digitized. See the <a href="http://ekufindingaids.libraryhost.com/index.php?p=collections/findingaid&id=9&q=">Finding Aid</a> for a description of the entire collection.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1791-1979
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
legal document
financial document
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2018A007
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Madison County Jail Reports
Description
An account of the resource
These reports show who was in the county jail each month and why they were there.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Madison County, Kentucky Court Records
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1926-1957
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
legal document
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2018A007-b70-f06
AAD2020
-
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/e864a48b3d669aff49ff469cab63b2f2.jpg
4dcecc9e4a4e7c8685aa97e21de51984
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696a27d4ca29e142194cbfbb904f3226
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
EKU Memorabilia
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
memorabilia, artifacts
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
text
physical object
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
0001-008
Subject
The topic of the resource
Only a portion of this collection has been digitized. See the <a href="http://ekufindingaids.libraryhost.com./index.php?p=collections/controlcard&id=219">Finding Aid</a> for a description of the entire collection.
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Memorabilia Collection, University
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
ephemera
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
0001-008-b1-f5-i49
Title
A name given to the resource
Homecoming Dance, Maroons Dance Card
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1935
AAD2020
dances
homecoming
-
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/6742901676def182b4d18c4d11868c97.jpg
68acad1acc2d59bd4d0e004a67640b40
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
EKU Photographs
Description
An account of the resource
The Eastern Kentucky University (EKU) Photograph Collection consists of photographs and negatives of students, faculty, and events at EKU. Subjects range from individual faculty headshots and classroom pictures to commencement and candid everyday student life photos. Organizational pictures, shots of campus in general, athletics and other official photos taken from the university photographer are also included. Many of these images were taken for publication in marketing materials or for use in the school newspaper, yearbook and alumni magazines. The collection also includes snapshots taken by employees attending events.
The collection may be used for all types of research, keeping in mind that individuals are often unidentified, so search broadly. All images available have been described here, but not all are scanned. Photographs with only a description can be requested by filling out a duplication request (see the link in the menu at the top of the page).
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1906-present
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Location
Folder title or box and folder where image can be found.
Student Life, Unidentified, f4
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
8x10
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
EKU Photo Collection
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
image
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1960s
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
photograph
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
0001-005-student_life_unidentified_f4-019
Title
A name given to the resource
State Trooper talking to a car full of Women
Description
An account of the resource
A sign on the car reads "Florida or Bust".
AAD2020
student life
-
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/eefe6d76fc975f93a89b0a74e15c9499.jpg
97e2b2c1143fc2761e9a49964f86294f
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/f0a75e88d6639ee546342396d8120669.jpg
f6f862d186525004e6887dde1094f2c3
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Perkins, Carl D. Congressional Papers
Description
An account of the resource
Carl D. Perkins (1912-1984) served eastern Kentucky as a US Representative between 1948 and 1984. His papers contain legal documents and correspondence related to his activities in Congress and focus heavily on coal mining, flood control, education and labor.<br /><br />Only a portion of this collection has been digitized. See the <a href="http://ekufindingaids.libraryhost.com/index.php?p=collections/controlcard&id=188">Finding Aid</a> for a description of the entire collection.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Perkins, Carl D.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1948-1984
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
text
photographs
reel to reel
film
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
collection
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2005a002
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Letter from Joseph B. Murphy to Senator John Sherman Cooper
Description
An account of the resource
Constituent correspondence regarding the Red River Dam. Murphy and Perkins are in favor of the dam. Murphy's letter was copied to Congressman John Watts and Congressman Carl Perkins. Also included Congressman Perkins' response to Murphy.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Carl D. Perkins Papers
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1968-07-22-24
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, rights and permission to publish.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
correspondence
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2005a002-bd058-f04
2020KYSS
AAD2020
flood control
politics
Red River Gorge
-
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/aee81aa1c93c066044fd964ed8ed65d8.jpg
6d21cfabfeb7e54a3f06afbf28864718
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
EKU Photographs
Description
An account of the resource
The Eastern Kentucky University (EKU) Photograph Collection consists of photographs and negatives of students, faculty, and events at EKU. Subjects range from individual faculty headshots and classroom pictures to commencement and candid everyday student life photos. Organizational pictures, shots of campus in general, athletics and other official photos taken from the university photographer are also included. Many of these images were taken for publication in marketing materials or for use in the school newspaper, yearbook and alumni magazines. The collection also includes snapshots taken by employees attending events.
The collection may be used for all types of research, keeping in mind that individuals are often unidentified, so search broadly. All images available have been described here, but not all are scanned. Photographs with only a description can be requested by filling out a duplication request (see the link in the menu at the top of the page).
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1906-present
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Location
Folder title or box and folder where image can be found.
Student Life, 1970s
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
7.25x9
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
EKU Photo Collection
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
image
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1970 ca
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
photograph
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
0001-005-student_life_1970s-001
Title
A name given to the resource
Students Dancing in Front of the University Building
AAD2020
dancing
fashion
University Building
-
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/207960ef85d6d3973ca717c88b1ab82f.jpg
a07f87208cdf50276bc13a7c7b2245bf
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
EKU Photographs
Description
An account of the resource
The Eastern Kentucky University (EKU) Photograph Collection consists of photographs and negatives of students, faculty, and events at EKU. Subjects range from individual faculty headshots and classroom pictures to commencement and candid everyday student life photos. Organizational pictures, shots of campus in general, athletics and other official photos taken from the university photographer are also included. Many of these images were taken for publication in marketing materials or for use in the school newspaper, yearbook and alumni magazines. The collection also includes snapshots taken by employees attending events.
The collection may be used for all types of research, keeping in mind that individuals are often unidentified, so search broadly. All images available have been described here, but not all are scanned. Photographs with only a description can be requested by filling out a duplication request (see the link in the menu at the top of the page).
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1906-present
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Location
Folder title or box and folder where image can be found.
Student Life 2000s
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
4x6
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
EKU Photo Collection
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
image
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2000 ca
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
photograph
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
0001-005-student_life_2000s-094
Title
A name given to the resource
Students pushing couch with student riding
AAD2020
student life
-
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/06cfa45b1fa5cc28b60430492c6facd6.mp3
a6b3f5531893f98607e682607391ddf6
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Interviewer
The person(s) performing the interview
William E. Ellis
Interviewee
The person(s) being interviewed
R.E. Nightingale
Transcription
Any written text transcribed from a sound
[Partial transcript]
[00:24:27] R.E. Nightingale (RN): Back in ’51 or ’52, Bill, I was living in Jessamine County. And 7 miles south of Nicholasville, down on the river at Camp Nelson there was a big distillery. Then one evening, ah, it was just getting dusky dark and Dad come in from work. I was a junior, sophomore or junior in high school and I said, “Dad, somebody’s barn is on fire. Look at that glow over there.” He said “let’s get in and go see where it’s at.” We started down 27 going south, and we drove and we drove and we drove and he said “Bob, see that’s bound to be on the river.” Well we got out to the river cliffs, the palisades there at Camp Nelson. We went over towards Court Town where it would look over about, a 150 foot cliff, and one of those warehouse that belonged to the distillery was on fire. Well, there were about eight stories, eight bricks high where they would put the barrels in. And, hard telling how many 1000s of gallons of whiskey was going into that river.
Well, it was burning, it was burning going down over the bank, and when it hit the river the current would take it down the river and there was about an 8 inch blaze, blue flame right in the middle of that river, going down the river. It would burn and then go down the river so far and then go out, but what I’m getting at, we was talking about, there at Dick’s River…
Bill Ellis (BE): Yea, and that alcohol would burn hot.
Nightingale: It burns hot. [laughter] Let me tell you this, Bill. Down at, uh, High Bridge, down there at, uh, the next lock down the river from, uh, Camp Nelson, they dipped up tons of catfish down there. The catfish, they weren’t fed, but they were the drunkest catfish [laughter] that you ever saw in your life. They come up, roll up and they would take and dip ‘em up and put ‘em in fresh water, and they would come right back to their natural selves. [laughter] But here was tons of catfish dipped up outa that river. Literally, tons of ‘em.
Ellis: And what year was that?
RN: That was about ‘51 or ‘52. And, uh, I told that story several times. And, uh, it can be verified by the people who lived on that river. Because it did happen. But the amount of the whiskey that went into that river, it was, it was a sight. And it didn’t affect the scaly fish, but the catfish they really got on a toot. [laughter]
[End partial transcript]
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<a href="https://oralhistory.eku.edu/ohms-viewer/render.php?cachefile=1988oh034-nightingale.xml#segment1467">Clip from an interview with R.E. Nightingale</a>
Description
An account of the resource
Nightingale describes a distillery fire that emptied into the Kentucky River and caused the catfish to become intoxicated. <a href="https://oralhistory.eku.edu/items/show/992%20">Click here</a> to hear the complete interview.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
William H. Berge Oral History Center
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
29 Jan 1988
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Contact <a href="mailto:archives.library@eku.edu">Special Collections and Archives</a>, Crabbe Library, Eastern Kentucky University for reproductions, rights and permission to publish.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
audio cassette
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
oral history
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
1988oh034
AAD2020
distilleries
fires
Kentucky River
-
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/999d5ed59e8070fc399615033ca51e83.jpg
4d699057c72da282e0af9b32fa1aaf95
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Twelve Great Women of China Paintings
Description
An account of the resource
This collection consists of twelve ink wash on silk paintings of Chinese women and was a gift to the Eastern Alumni Office from Kuo Chou Wu. The name of each woman is written on the back in Chinese. These paintings are copies of the pen and ink drawings from Baimei Xinyong Tuzhuan (One Hundred Beauties in new poems and pictures) by Yan Xiyuan.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
undated
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
image
Language
A language of the resource
chi
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
collection
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2009A004
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Location
Folder title or box and folder where image can be found.
f.1
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Twelve Great Women of China
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2009A004-06
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
unknown
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
painting on silk
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
image
Title
A name given to the resource
Empress Wu Ze Tian
Description
An account of the resource
Empress Wu was the only woman in the history of China to assume the title of Empress, founding the Zhou dynasty in 690.
AAD2020
Chinese art
-
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/33a235a03e986ea49bc6976c55a159ec.jpg
b27b2d1f5b0b4bfd9ae60a739c734f14
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Smith, George D. Papers
Subject
The topic of the resource
Natural history--Kentucky.
Description
An account of the resource
This collection is composed of essays and short stories about nature and ecology as well as photographs of nature. The photographs include a large collection of magic lantern slides that consist of wooded areas, the Red River Gorge, Cumberland Falls, etc. taken during EKU class excursions as well as many photographs of plants, mushrooms, lichens, birds and wildlife. There is also a set of photos showing Dr. Smith's peach orchard from planting to harvest and another set of baby photos of Eastern Kentucky State Teachers College faculty and staff.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Smith, George D.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
ca 1890-1925
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
text
image
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
collection
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2012A015
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Location
Folder title or box and folder where image can be found.
b.2/f.2
Physical Dimensions
The actual physical size of the original image
8x10
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Smith, George D. Papers
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2012A015-284
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Smith, George D.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
photograph
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
image
Title
A name given to the resource
George D. Smith
Description
An account of the resource
A photo of George Smith relaxing in a chair outside under a mushroom.
AAD2020
-
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/5ed925b59fdfb1efb0a50b7f176ed0c2.jpg
719046246c40da28599cee506c1be4b9
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Hagenow, Gladys Norris Papers
Description
An account of the resource
Gladys Frances Norris (1912-2008) was born in Madison County, Kentucky to John and Virginia Norris. She attended Kavanaugh School in Madison County, Kentucky as a child and received an A.B. from the Eastern Kentucky State Teachers College in 1934. After college Miss Norris taught at Waco High School, Kingston High School and Madison Central High School. She also taught at Campo Alegre in Caracas, Venezuela from 1952-1953 and at the Dhahran Senior Staff School in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia from 1954 to 1957. She married Frank A. Hagenow of Nebraska and both are buried in the Richmond Cemetery. <br /><br />Only a portion of this collection has been digitized. See the <a href="http://ekufindingaids.libraryhost.com/index.php?p=collections/findingaid&id=572&">Finding Aid</a> for a description of the entire collection.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1923-1984
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
publications
photographs
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
text
image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2018a002
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Location
Folder title or box and folder where image can be found.
b.1/f.5
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2018a002-2
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Hagenow, Gladys Norris
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
photograph
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
image
Title
A name given to the resource
The Pyramid of Khafre
Description
An account of the resource
Two women on camels with local guides. The Pyramid of Khafre and the Great Sphinx of Giza are in the background.
AAD2020
camels
Egypt
pyramids
-
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/0486f3918f3795bfaafe96c2f853588a.jpg
d9f517a1b809cc4e36da0fcfd2b990b8
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
EKU Memorabilia
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
memorabilia, artifacts
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
text
physical object
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
0001-008
Subject
The topic of the resource
Only a portion of this collection has been digitized. See the <a href="http://ekufindingaids.libraryhost.com./index.php?p=collections/controlcard&id=219">Finding Aid</a> for a description of the entire collection.
Physical Object
An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
EKU Clown Figurine
Description
An account of the resource
Clown figure dressed in maroon and white with an EKU pennant.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
EKU Memorabilia
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
memorabilia
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
physical object
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
0001-008-b11-i1
AAD2020
clowns
-
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/4eb58b18d4dff0e69e742cf0d3639b7c.jpg
2109b9e7a4843ef74aca2c8ba48f8ad3
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/b666ff447ddead7043d160e14e8db3c9.jpg
29c4ef1f8d2a52bbf4a8fb94755c5d87
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/fe8677866d841e517ae491ad3ef3ff21.jpg
4aeaa782fdecfabe05f12039182c5e33
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/1bac1a35c9ad9299ca5293ea20d53c97.jpg
53819d1ab37110db0fdea0aca977e450
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/6232a7669d42f2339de27853fbddbfbb.jpg
2ef11fb72907a69b110bc9cd8bc4641d
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/072f41db7e877e979bacd91f0757cc13.jpg
f9296305ceb54a3f2c1e84e8989e0515
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/f2185b96dff812bef301d81b7b6f5533.jpg
8967571bd1f28eb0eddfa88e6fdf3611
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/a398793ad1ce2644e335d210a74da3e6.jpg
3294c88c0544bff5ae340b1321abc342
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/3bc4c330419db1cfc2534977c0267a0b.jpg
2fe29e2ab046e068d6e200d939f86cfd
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/762776f1dc6d7de744ceab8d11c8d14a.jpg
342ce226ace0440a2ed01f8a555bd3ec
https://digitalcollections.eku.edu/files/original/744705bd73dace33057f9ee57d7786bd.jpg
a2cac45c01e012a4b52fc24bf8788339
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Watts Family Papers
Subject
The topic of the resource
World War, 1914-1918.
World War, 1939-1945.
Agriculture--Kentucky.
Gardens.
Vassar College.
Wilderness Road.
Ranching.
Description
An account of the resource
The Watts family consisted of William Walker Watts (1836-1912), Mary Buford Parkes Watts (1838-1934) and their daughter Emma Parkes Watts (1887-1970). William was the son of Charles Sinclair Watts and Elizabeth Walker Watts. Mary was the daughter of John White Parkes and Elizabeth Buford Parkes. William built Elmwood after his marriage and their only daughter Emma was born there in 1887 and lived there her entire life. Emma attended Vassar College and took several trips to New York and Europe with her mother. She never married and lived at Elmwood with her parents until each of their subsequent deaths. Watts was a collector of antiques and was an avid reader. This collection consists of correspondence, photographs, ephemera, financial records and legal documents that were left in Elmwood at the time of Emma Watts' death. The collection spans three branches of the family (Parkes, Walker, and Watts) and covers nearly 150 years. The bulk of material is from 1878 and later and pertains to the Watts family; however, the Parkes family, particularly James B. Parkes, is well-represented within the collection. <br /><br />The Watts family owned thousands of acres of land the Brazos Basin area of Texas and in the Texas Panhandle. The land in the Brazos Basin was used as a plantation growing, while the Texas Panhandle land served as a cattle ranch called Z-L Ranch. The histories of both these properties are richly detailed through correspondence with lawyers and foreman and through the vast amount of legal documents that were kept; including lawsuits, tax receipts, and land surveys. <br /><br />The voluminous correspondence between William and Mary Watts and their daughter Emma while she attended Vassar and traveled reveals family dynamics in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Other correspondence from friends and family reveals social customs and culture of the time. Members of the Watts family were involved in the Madison Female Institute, the Richmond Cemetery, Liberty Hall in Frankfort, the Democratic Party, the National Society of Colonial Dames and the Daughters of the American Revolution and this collection includes documents relating to all those organization. A significant part of the collection concerns the Elmwood property, including gardens, farming, furniture, and renovations and repairs to the house.<br /><br />Only a portion of this collection has been digitized. See the <a href="http://ekufindingaids.libraryhost.com/index.php?p=collections/controlcard&id=269">Finding Aid</a> for a description of the entire collection.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Watts, Emma P.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1816-1970
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
text
image
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
collection
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2017A001
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Recipes
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Watts Family Papers
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
recipe
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2017a001-b26-f02
Description
An account of the resource
Loose recipes, many handwritten and some published for everything from apple wine to catsup to cheese straws to mint juleps.
AAD2020
recipes